Ethics & Policy
22 articles in this section
AI and Copyright
AI and copyright is the field of law and policy concerning the use of copyrighted works to train artificial intelligence models and the ownership of AI-generated outputs, an area being shaped by major litigation, licensing deals and new regulation worldwide.
AI and Elections
AI and elections covers the use of artificial intelligence in campaigning — from voter targeting to deepfakes and influence operations — and the regulatory responses emerging in the European Union, the United States and Malaysia.
AI and Energy
AI and energy describes the relationship between artificial intelligence and electricity systems: the fast-growing power demand of AI data centres and its effect on grids, and the use of AI to manage energy networks.
AI Chip Export Controls
AI chip export controls are government restrictions on the sale, re-export and transshipment of advanced AI semiconductors, introduced principally by the United States and enforced in trading hubs such as Malaysia through national export control laws.
AI Content Detection
AI content detection is the use of software to determine whether text, images, audio or video were generated by artificial intelligence, spanning classifier tools, statistical analysis, watermarking and provenance metadata — with reliability that remains disputed.
AI Jailbreaking
AI jailbreaking is the use of crafted prompts to bypass the safety guardrails of a large language model and elicit responses its developers designed it to refuse.
AI Regulation in China
AI regulation in China is built on a series of measures covering algorithmic recommendation, deep synthesis, generative AI services and AI content labelling, administered mainly by the Cyberspace Administration of China.
AI Regulation in South Korea
AI regulation in South Korea is governed by the AI Framework Act, the first comprehensive artificial intelligence law adopted in the Asia-Pacific region, which took effect in January 2026 and imposes obligations on high-impact AI systems and transparency rules for generative AI.
AI Slop
Low-quality digital content produced in bulk by generative AI, typically for attention-economy profit or engagement farming; named Word of the Year 2025 by Merriam-Webster.
Autonomous Weapons Systems
Autonomous weapons systems are weapons that can select and engage targets without meaningful human intervention, and have been the subject of UN negotiations for a decade.
Bletchley Declaration
The Bletchley Declaration is a non-binding international statement on frontier AI safety agreed by 28 countries and the European Union at the AI Safety Summit held at Bletchley Park in November 2023.
C2PA and Content Provenance
C2PA is an open technical standard for cryptographically signed content credentials that record the origin, edit history and AI involvement of digital media.
California AI Regulation
California is the most active US state regulator of artificial intelligence, home to frontier-model legislation such as SB 53 and training-data disclosure laws such as AB 2013.
Chinese Room Argument
The Chinese Room is John Searle's 1980 thought experiment arguing that manipulating symbols by rules is not the same as understanding them — the central critique of strong AI.
Data Poisoning
Data poisoning is an adversarial attack in which a malicious actor contaminates an AI model's training data to degrade its performance or implant hidden behaviour.
ISO/IEC 42001
ISO/IEC 42001 is the first international standard for an artificial intelligence management system, published in December 2023 to help organisations govern AI responsibly and demonstrably.
NIST AI Risk Management Framework
The NIST AI Risk Management Framework is a voluntary United States framework that helps organisations govern, map, measure and manage the risks of artificial intelligence systems.
OECD AI Principles
The OECD AI Principles are the first intergovernmental standard on artificial intelligence, adopted in 2019 and revised in 2024, setting out five values-based principles and five recommendations for policymakers.
Personal Data Protection Act (Malaysia)
Malaysia's Personal Data Protection Act 2010 governs the processing of personal data in commercial transactions, with 2024 amendments that added data protection officer, breach notification and data portability obligations relevant to AI systems.
Safe Superintelligence
Safe Superintelligence (SSI) is a private AI research laboratory founded by former OpenAI chief scientist Ilya Sutskever, funded with roughly $8 billion while operating with no product and a single stated goal, safe superintelligence.
Superintelligence
Superintelligence is a hypothetical intelligence that greatly exceeds human cognitive performance in virtually all domains, and a central concept in debates about the long-term risks and governance of artificial intelligence.
United Nations and AI Governance
United Nations and AI governance covers the global framework for regulating artificial intelligence — from UNESCO's 2021 ethics recommendation and the 2024 General Assembly resolutions to the Council of Europe's binding AI treaty.